Ephesus

Ephesus is one of the best-preserved ancient cities in the Mediterranean and one of Türkiye’s most important archaeological sites. Located near Selçuk in İzmir Province, the city was a major centre of trade, religion and culture during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Ancient City of Ephesus developed around an important harbour and became one of the leading cities of Roman Asia Minor. Its marble streets, public buildings, temples, fountains and residential areas reveal the scale and prosperity of a city that once attracted merchants, travellers and pilgrims from across the ancient world. One of the most famous monuments is the Library of Celsus, built in the 2nd century AD in honour of the Roman senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus. Its richly decorated two-storey façade is one of the most recognisable symbols of Ephesus and once formed the entrance to an important collection of ancient manuscripts. Nearby stands the Great Theatre, an enormous structure built into the slope of Panayır Hill. Expanded during the Roman period, it could accommodate tens of thousands of spectators and was used for theatrical performances, public gatherings and other large events. Its upper levels offer impressive views across the ancient city. The Terrace Houses provide a more intimate view of everyday life in Ephesus. These luxurious residences belonged to wealthy citizens and contain remarkably preserved mosaics, marble floors, wall paintings and private courtyards. Their sophisticated decoration demonstrates the comfort and artistic taste enjoyed by the city’s elite during the Roman period. Another important monument along Curetes Street is the Temple of Hadrian. Built during the 2nd century AD, the temple is recognised by its elegant façade, curved arch and decorative reliefs. Although relatively small compared with some of Ephesus’s other buildings, it is one of the most beautifully preserved monuments in the ancient city. Ephesus also holds an important place in the religious history of the region. The city was associated with the ancient cult of Artemis and later became an important centre of early Christianity. Its long history reflects the transition from Greek and Roman religious traditions to the Christian world of late antiquity. Together, the Ancient City of Ephesus, Library of Celsus, Great Theatre, Terrace Houses and Temple of Hadrian offer an extraordinary journey through ancient urban life. Ephesus was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2015 and remains one of the most impressive places in Türkiye to experience the architecture and culture of the ancient world.